Getting started๏ƒ

The motivation for this page/notebook is to take the reader through all basic functionalities of the traffic library. In particular, we will cover:

  1. a basic introduction about Flight and Traffic structures;

  2. how to produce visualisations of trajectory data;

  3. a use case to display trajectories around Paris area;

  4. an introduction to declarative trajectory processing through lazy iteration

Tip

This page is also available as a notebook which can be downloaded and executed locally; or loaded and executed in Google Colab.

Basic introduction๏ƒ

The traffic library provides natural methods and attributes that can be applied on trajectories and collection of trajectories, all represented as pandas DataFrames.

Flight objects๏ƒ

Flight is the core class offering representations, methods and attributes to single trajectories. Trajectories can either:

The Belevingsvlucht from the sample trajectory set is present throughout the documentation:

from traffic.data.samples import belevingsvlucht

Many representations are available:

  • in a Python interpreter:

    print(belevingsvlucht)

    Flight(icao24='484506', callsign='TRA051')

  • with rich simple or advanced representations:

    from rich.pretty import pprint
pprint(belevingsvlucht)

    Flight(icao24='484506', callsign='TRA051')

    # the console is not necessary if you ran pretty.install()
from rich.console import Console
console = Console()
console.print(belevingsvlucht)

    Flight 
  - callsign: TRA051   
  - aircraft: 484506 ยท ๐Ÿ‡ณ๐Ÿ‡ฑ PH-HZO (B738)
  - start: 2018-05-30 15:21:38Z 
  - stop: 2018-05-30 20:22:56Z
  - duration: 0 days 05:01:18
  - sampling rate: 1 second(s)
  - features:
    o altitude, int64
    o groundspeed, int64
    o latitude, double
    o longitude, double
    o timestamp, timestamp
    o track, int64
    o vertical_rate, int64
  • in a Jupyter notebook:
    belevingsvlucht

    Flight

    • callsign: TRA051
    • aircraft: 484506 ยท ๐Ÿ‡ณ๐Ÿ‡ฑ PH-HZO (B738)
    • start: 2018-05-30 15:21:38+00:00
    • stop: 2018-05-30 20:22:56+00:00
    • duration: 0 days 05:01:18
    • sampling rate: 1 second(s)

Information about each Flight is available through attributes or properties:

dict(belevingsvlucht)

{'callsign': 'TRA051',
 'icao24': '484506',
 'aircraft': Tail(icao24='484506', registration='PH-HZO', typecode='B738', flag='๐Ÿ‡ณ๐Ÿ‡ฑ'),
 'start': Timestamp('2018-05-30 15:21:38+0000', tz='UTC'),
 'stop': Timestamp('2018-05-30 20:22:56+0000', tz='UTC'),
 'duration': Timedelta('0 days 05:01:18')}

Methods are provided to select relevant parts of the flight, e.g.ย based on timestamps. The start and stop properties refer to the timestamps of the first and last recorded samples. Note that all timestamps are by default set to universal time (UTC) as it is common practice in aviation.

(belevingsvlucht.start, belevingsvlucht.stop)

(Timestamp('2018-05-30 15:21:38+0000', tz='UTC'),
 Timestamp('2018-05-30 20:22:56+0000', tz='UTC'))

belevingsvlucht.first(minutes=30)

Flight

  • callsign: TRA051
  • aircraft: 484506 ยท ๐Ÿ‡ณ๐Ÿ‡ฑ PH-HZO (B738)
  • start: 2018-05-30 15:21:38+00:00
  • stop: 2018-05-30 15:51:37+00:00
  • duration: 0 days 00:29:59
  • sampling rate: 1 second(s)

Warning

Note the difference between the โ€œstrictโ€ comparison (\(>\)) vs. โ€œor equalโ€ comparison (\(\geq\))

belevingsvlucht.after("2018-05-30 19:00", strict=False)

Flight

  • callsign: TRA051
  • aircraft: 484506 ยท ๐Ÿ‡ณ๐Ÿ‡ฑ PH-HZO (B738)
  • start: 2018-05-30 19:00:00+00:00
  • stop: 2018-05-30 20:22:56+00:00
  • duration: 0 days 01:22:56
  • sampling rate: 1 second(s)

Note

Each Flight is wrapped around a pandas.DataFrame: when no method is available for your particular need, you can always access the underlying dataframe.

belevingsvlucht.between("2018-05-30 19:00", "2018-05-30 20:00").data
timestamp icao24 latitude longitude groundspeed track vertical_rate callsign altitude
11750 2018-05-30 19:00:01+00:00 484506 52.839973 5.793947 290 52 -1664 TRA051 8233
11751 2018-05-30 19:00:02+00:00 484506 52.840747 5.79568 290 52 -1664 TRA051 8200
11752 2018-05-30 19:00:03+00:00 484506 52.841812 5.797501 290 52 -1664 TRA051 8200
11753 2018-05-30 19:00:04+00:00 484506 52.842609 5.799133 290 52 -1599 TRA051 8149
11754 2018-05-30 19:00:05+00:00 484506 52.843277 5.80101 289 52 -1599 TRA051 8125
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
14750 2018-05-30 19:59:54+00:00 484506 52.84964 5.357513 277 280 0 TRA051 6000
14751 2018-05-30 19:59:56+00:00 484506 52.850104 5.351205 277 277 640 TRA051 6025
14752 2018-05-30 19:59:57+00:00 484506 52.850281 5.349197 277 277 640 TRA051 6050
14753 2018-05-30 19:59:58+00:00 484506 52.85043 5.347046 277 277 1088 TRA051 6050
14754 2018-05-30 19:59:59+00:00 484506 52.850601 5.344849 278 277 1216 TRA051 6075

3005 rows ร— 9 columns

Traffic objects๏ƒ

Traffic is the core class to represent collections of trajectories. In practice, all trajectories are flattened in the same pandas.DataFrame.

from traffic.data.samples import quickstart

The basic representation of a Traffic object is a summary view of the data: the structure tries to infer how to separate trajectories in the data structure based on customizable heuristics, and returns a number of sample points for each trajectory.

quickstart

Traffic

with 236 identifiers
    count
icao24 callsign  
39d300 TVF91KQ 3893
39b002 FHMAC 3360
3aabfc FMY8055 2669
39c82b PEA501 2247
4241bb VPCAL 2168
02a195 TAR722 2166
398495 CCM774V 2134
4bc844 PGT90Y 2124
39ceb4 TVF19YP 2076
4d02be JFA12P 2057
Traffic objects offer the ability to index and iterate on all flights contained in the structure.
In order to separate and identify trajectories (Flight), Traffic objects will use either:

  • a customizable flight identifier (flight_id); or

  • a combination of timestamp and icao24 (aircraft identifier);

Indexation will be made on:

  • icao24, callsign (or flight_id if available):

    quickstart["TAR722"]  # return type: Flight, based on callsign
quickstart["39b002"]  # return type: Flight, based on icao24

    Flight

    • callsign: FHMAC
    • aircraft: 39b002 ยท ๐Ÿ‡ซ๐Ÿ‡ท F-HMAC (EC20)
    • start: 2021-10-07 13:21:56+00:00
    • stop: 2021-10-07 14:17:57+00:00
    • duration: 0 days 00:56:01
    • sampling rate: 1 second(s)

  • an integer or a slice, to take flights in order in the collection:

    quickstart[0]  # return type: Flight, the first trajectory in the collection
quickstart[:10]  # return type: Traffic, the 10 first trajectories in the collection

    Traffic

    with 10 identifiers
        count
    icao24 callsign  
    02a195 TAR722 2166
    0a0046 DAH1011 1323
    0101de MSR799 1290
    34150e IBE34AK 1152
    06a2b1 QTR9UU 1144
    0a0047 DAH1000 1111
    300789 IWALK 1024
    06a1e7 QTR23JR 874
    06a133 QQE940 803
    0a0047 DAH1001 798

  • a subset of trajectories can also be selected:

    • if a list is passed an index:

      quickstart[['AFR83HQ', 'AFR83PX', 'AFR84UW', 'AFR91QD']]

      Traffic

      with 4 identifiers
          count
      icao24 callsign  
      394c04 AFR83PX 1274
      3946e2 AFR84UW 1112
      3946e0 AFR91QD 1078
      3950d0 AFR83HQ 650

    • with a pandas-like query():

      quickstart.query('callsign.str.startswith("AFR")')

      Traffic

      with 84 identifiers
          count
      icao24 callsign  
      393324 AFR69CR 1992
      393320 AFR85FF 1975
      398564 AFR9455 1666
      3985a4 AFR19BH 1636
      3944f1 AFR15AH 1546
      3944f0 AFR51LU 1525
      393321 AFR18KJ 1486
      3944ed AFR71ZP 1463
      3950cd AFR26TR 1396
      394c13 AFR1753 1346

There are several ways to assign a flight identifier. The most simple one that you will use in 99% of situations involves the flight_id() method.

quickstart.assign_id().eval()

Traffic

with 238 identifiers
  count
flight_id  
TVF91KQ_137 3893
FHMAC_116 3360
VPCAL_156 2168
TAR722_001 2166
CCM774V_087 2134
PGT90Y_196 2124
TVF19YP_134 2076
JFA12P_207 2057
AFR69CR_025 1992
AFR85FF_023 1975

We will explain further what the eval() method is about.

Data visualization๏ƒ

The traffic library offers facilities to leverage the power of common visualization renderers including Matplotlib and Altair.

  • with Matplotlib, the traffic style context (optional) offers a convenient initial stylesheet:

    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib.dates import DateFormatter

with plt.style.context("traffic"):

    fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(10, 7))

    (
        belevingsvlucht
        .between("2018-05-30 19:00", "2018-05-30 20:00")
        .plot_time(
            ax=ax,
            y=["altitude", "groundspeed"],
            secondary_y=["groundspeed"]
        )
    )

    ax.set_xlabel("")
    ax.tick_params(axis='x', labelrotation=0)
    ax.xaxis.set_major_formatter(DateFormatter("%H:%M"))
    _images/quickstart_18_0.png
  • The chart() method triggers an initial representation with Altair which can be further refined.
    For example, with the following subset of trajectories:
    subset = quickstart[["TVF22LK", "EJU53MF", "TVF51HP", "TVF78YY", "VLG8030"]]

    subset[0].chart()

    Even a simple visualization without a physical features plotted on the y-channel can be meaningful. The following proposition helps visualizing when aircraft are airborne:

    import altair as alt

# necessary line if you see an error about a maximum number of rows
alt.data_transformers.disable_max_rows()

alt.layer(
    *(
        flight.chart().encode(
            alt.Y("callsign", sort="x", title=None),
            alt.Color("callsign", legend=None),
        )
        for flight in subset
    )
).configure_line(strokeWidth=4)

    The y-channel is however most often used to plot physical quantities such as altitude, ground speed, or more.

    alt.layer(
    *(
        flight.chart().encode(
            alt.Y("altitude"),
            alt.Color("callsign"),
        )
        for flight in subset
    )
)

    Simple plots are beautiful by default, but it is still possible to further refine them. For more advanced tricks with Altair, refer to their online documentation.

    chart = (
    alt.layer(
        *(
            flight.chart().encode(
                alt.X(
                    "utcdayhoursminutesseconds(timestamp)",
                    axis=alt.Axis(format="%H:%M"),
                    title=None,
                ),
                alt.Y("altitude", title=None, scale=alt.Scale(domain=(0, 18000))),
                alt.Color("callsign"),
            )
            for flight in subset
        )
    )
    .properties(title="altitude (in ft)")  # "trick" to display the y-axis title horizontally
    .configure_legend(orient="bottom")
    .configure_title(anchor="start", font="Lato", fontSize=16)
)
chart

Making maps๏ƒ

Maps are also available with Matplotlib, Altair, and thanks to ipyleaflet widgets.

  • with Matplotlib, you need to specify a projection for your axis system. They are provided by cartes on top of Cartopy. Here, the Lambert93 projection is picked as it is a standard projection in France.

    Tip

    How to pick a projection for a map?

    All traffic objects which may be represented on a map are equipped with a plot() method.

    from cartes.crs import Lambert93
from traffic.data import airports

with plt.style.context("traffic"):

    fig, ax = plt.subplots(subplot_kw=dict(projection=Lambert93()))

    airports["LFPO"].plot(ax, footprint=False, runways=dict(linewidth=1))
    for flight in subset:
        flight.plot(ax, linewidth=2)

    ax.set_title("Landing trajectories at Parisโ€“Orly airport")
    _images/quickstart_25_0.png

  • with Altair, the initial method is geoencode()

    from traffic.data import airports

chart = (
    alt.layer(
        *(flight.geoencode().encode(alt.Color("callsign:N")) for flight in subset)
    )
    .properties(title="Landing trajectories at Parisโ€“Orly airport")
    .configure_legend(orient="bottom")
    .configure_view(stroke=None)
    .configure_title(anchor="start", font="Lato", fontSize=16)
)
chart

  • for quick interactive representations with few elements, the Leaflet widget is a good option:

    subset.map_leaflet(zoom=8)

Low-altitude trajectory patterns in Paris metropolitan area๏ƒ

The quickstart dataset contains a collection of low altitude trajectories. In this section, we aim to display trajectory patterns of aircraft landing or taking off from any of Paris area airport.

It is often a good practice to just plot the data as is before we get an idea of how to proceed.

with plt.style.context("traffic"):
    fig, ax = plt.subplots(subplot_kw=dict(projection=Lambert93()))
    quickstart.plot(ax, alpha=.7)
_images/quickstart_28_0.png

We see here several flows converging mostly in the two major airports in Paris (i.e., Orly LFPO and Charles-de-Gaulle LFPG). However, more airports are also visible, e.g. Beauvais airport to the North.

We can try to put a different colour to landing trajectories and take-off trajectories to make this plot more meaningful. A first trick could be to pick a colour based on the vertical rate average value.

import pandas as pd

with plt.style.context("traffic"):
    fig, ax = plt.subplots(subplot_kw=dict(projection=Lambert93()))

    for flight in quickstart:
        if pd.isna(flight.vertical_rate_mean):
            continue
        if flight.vertical_rate_mean < -500:
            flight.plot(ax, color="#4c78a8", alpha=0.5)  # blue
        elif flight.vertical_rate_mean > 1000:
            flight.plot(ax, color="#f58518", alpha=0.5)  # orange
        else:
            flight.plot(ax, color="#54a24b", alpha=0.5)  # green
_images/quickstart_29_0.png

This approach is not perfect (there are quite some green trajectories) but gives a good first idea of how traffic organizes itself. Letโ€™s try to focus on the traffic to and from one airport, e.g. LFPO, in order to refine the methodology.

A first approach to select those trajectories would be to pick the first/last point of the Flight and check whether it falls within the geographical scope of the airport. In the following snippet, we do things a bit differently: we check whether the first/last 5 minutes of the trajectory intersects the shape of the airport.

from traffic.data import airports

with plt.style.context("traffic"):
    fig, ax = plt.subplots(subplot_kw=dict(projection=Lambert93()))

    for flight in quickstart:
        if pd.isna(flight.vertical_rate_mean):
            continue
        if flight.vertical_rate_mean < -500:
            if flight.last("5 min").intersects(airports["LFPO"]):
                flight.plot(ax, color="#4c78a8", alpha=0.5)
        elif flight.vertical_rate_mean > 1000:
            if flight.first("5 min").intersects(airports["LFPO"]):
                flight.plot(ax, color="#f58518", alpha=0.5)
_images/quickstart_30_0.png

What is now becoming confusing is that there seems to have been a change in runway configuration during the time interval covered by the dataset. It would now probably become more comfortable if we could identify the runway used by aircraft for take off or landing.

traffic provides landing() for landing and takeoff() for take-off. Both methods return a FlightIterator(), so if we consider that all trajectories have only one landing attempt on that day, we need to apply next() to get the first trajectory segment matching, and extract relevant information (the runway information):

import pandas as pd
from tqdm.rich import tqdm

information = list()

for flight in tqdm(quickstart):
    if landing := flight.landing("LFPO").next():
        information.append(
            {
                "callsign": flight.callsign,
                "icao24": flight.icao24,
                "airport": "LFPO",
                "stop": landing.stop,
                "ILS": landing.ILS_max,
            }
        )
    elif landing := flight.landing("LFPG").next():
        information.append(
            {
                "callsign": flight.callsign,
                "icao24": flight.icao24,
                "airport": "LFPG",
                "stop": landing.stop,
                "ILS": landing.ILS_max,
            }
        )
    elif landing := flight.landing("LFPB").next():
        information.append(
            {
                "callsign": flight.callsign,
                "icao24": flight.icao24,
                "airport": "LFPB",
                "stop": landing.stop,
                "ILS": landing.ILS_max,
            }
        )


stats = pd.DataFrame.from_records(information)
stats







  
    

      
      callsign
      icao24
      airport
      stop
      ILS
    

  
  
    

      0
      MSR799
      0101de
      LFPG
      2021-10-07 12:34:22+00:00
      26L
    

    

      1
      TAR722
      02a195
      LFPO
      2021-10-07 14:25:04+00:00
      06
    

    

      2
      QTR9UU
      06a2b1
      LFPG
      2021-10-07 12:42:49+00:00
      26L
    

    

      3
      DAH1000
      0a0047
      LFPG
      2021-10-07 12:27:55+00:00
      26L
    

    

      4
      AEA1297
      344487
      LFPO
      2021-10-07 14:33:14+00:00
      06
    

    

      ...
      ...
      ...
      ...
      ...
      ...
    

    

      86
      SVA127
      7103d7
      LFPG
      2021-10-07 14:54:46+00:00
      08R
    

    

      87
      JAL45
      86e430
      LFPG
      2021-10-07 14:29:35+00:00
      08R
    

    

      88
      FDX5046
      a06310
      LFPG
      2021-10-07 14:59:59+00:00
      09R
    

    

      89
      AMX003
      a560f3
      LFPG
      2021-10-07 14:27:00+00:00
      08R
    

    

      90
      FDX5093
      ab8b7f
      LFPG
      2021-10-07 14:42:25+00:00
      09R
    

  



91 rows ร— 5 columns










chart = (
    alt.Chart(stats)
    .encode(
        alt.X("utcdayhoursminutesseconds(stop)", axis=alt.Axis(format="%H:%M"), title=None),
        alt.Y("ILS", title=None),
        alt.Color("ILS", legend=None),
        alt.Row("airport", title=None),
    )
    .mark_square(size=80)
    .resolve_scale(y="independent")
    .configure_header(
        labelOrient="top",
        labelAnchor="start",
        labelFont="Lato",
        labelFontWeight="bold",
        labelFontSize=16,
    )
    .configure_axis(labelFontSize=13)
    .properties(width=600)
)
chart


















It appears here that there has been a coordinated runway configuration
change around 13:20Z in all Paris airports. This suggests we should plot how
traffic organizes in both configurations.






with plt.style.context("traffic"):
    fig, ax = plt.subplots(1, 2, subplot_kw=dict(projection=Lambert93()))

    for flight in quickstart:
        if segment := flight.landing("LFPO").next():
            index = int(flight.stop <= pd.Timestamp("2021-10-07 13:30Z"))
            flight.plot(ax[index], color="#4c78a8", alpha=0.5)
        elif segment := flight.takeoff("LFPO").next():
            index = int(segment.start <= pd.Timestamp("2021-10-07 13:20Z"))
            flight.plot(ax[index], color="#f58518", alpha=0.5)








_images/quickstart_33_0.png





So it is now time to do a preliminary visualization with a basic background,
including administrative boundaries of Greater Paris Area and the Seine river as
an additional landmark:






from cartes.atlas import france
from cartes.crs import Lambert93, PlateCarree
from cartes.osm import Nominatim


# background elements
paris_area = france.data.query("ID_1 == 1000")
seine_river = (
    Nominatim.search("Seine river, France")
    .shape.intersection(
        paris_area.union_all().buffer(0.1)
    )
)

with plt.style.context("traffic"):
    fig, ax = plt.subplots(
        3, 2, figsize=(10, 15), subplot_kw=dict(projection=Lambert93())
    )

    airport_codes = ["LFPO", "LFPG", "LFPB"]
    for flight in quickstart:
        phases = flight.phases()

        if phases.query('phase == "DESCENT"'):
            # Determine on which ax to plot based on detected airport
            for airport_index, airport in enumerate(airport_codes):
                if segment := flight.landing(airport).next():
                    # Determine on which column to plot based on time
                    time_index = int(segment.stop <= pd.Timestamp("2021-10-07 13:20Z"))
                    flight.plot(
                        ax[airport_index, time_index], color="#4c78a8", alpha=0.4
                    )
                    break

        elif phases.query('phase == "CLIMB"'):
            # Determine on which ax to plot based on detected airport
            for airport_index, airport in enumerate(airport_codes):
                if segment := flight.takeoff(airport).next():
                    # Determine on which column to plot based on time
                    time_index = int(segment.start <= pd.Timestamp("2021-10-07 13:20Z"))
                    flight.plot(
                        ax[airport_index, time_index], color="#f58518", alpha=0.4
                    )
                    break

    # Annotate each map with airport information
    for i, airport in enumerate(airport_codes):
        ax[i, 0].set_title(f"{airport}", loc="left", y=0.8)

    for ax_ in ax.ravel():
        # Background map
        ax_.add_geometries(
            [seine_river], crs=PlateCarree(),
            facecolor="none", edgecolor="#9ecae9", linewidth=1.5,
        )
        paris_area.set_crs(4326).to_crs(2154).plot(
            ax=ax_,
            facecolor="none", edgecolor="#bab0ac", linestyle="dotted",
        )

        ax_.set_extent((0.78, 4.06, 47.7, 49.7))

    fig.suptitle(
        "West and East configurations in Paris airports",
        fontsize=16, x=0.1, y=0.9, ha="left",
    )








_images/quickstart_34_4.png









Declarative trajectory processing๏ƒ


Basic operations on Flight objects define a specific
language which enables to express programmatically any kind of preprocessing.
The downside with programmatic preprocessing is that it may become unnecessarily
complex because of safeguards, nested loops and conditions necessary to express
even basic treatments.


The main issue with the code above is that code for preprocessing and code for
visualization are strongly connected: it is impossible to produce a
visualization without running โ€œheavyโ€ processing, as subsets of trajectories are
never stored as Traffic collections for future reuse.


There are several ways to collect trajectories:


    

  • with trajectory arithmetic: the + operator  (and therefore the
sum() Python built-in function) between Flight and
Traffic objects always returns a new
Traffic object;
    • 

  • the from_flights() class method builds a
Traffic object from an iterable structure of
Flight objects. It is more robust than the sum()
Python function as it will ignore None objects which may be found in the
iterable.
    

    

    

    from traffic.core import Traffic

def select_landing(airport: "Airport"):
    for flight in quickstart:
        if low_alt := flight.query("altitude < 3000"):         # Flight -> None or Flight
            if not pd.isna(v_mean := low_alt.vertical_rate_mean) and v_mean < -500:  # Flight -> bool
                if low_alt.intersects(airport):                # Flight -> bool
                    if low_alt.landing(airport).has():  # Flight -> bool
                        yield low_alt.last("10 min")           # Flight -> None or Flight

# Traffic.from_flights is more robust than sum() as the function may yield some None values
Traffic.from_flights(select_landing(airports["LFPO"]))

    

    

    

    

    Traffic
     with 24 identifiers

    
  
    
    
       
       
      count
    
    
    
    
      icao24
      callsign
       
    
    
      
  
    
    
      345359
      VLG8030
      335
    
    
    
    
      39ceb4
      TVF19YP
      323
    
    
    
    
      34610f
      VLG2848
      315
    
    
    
    
      39cea3
      TVF54RN
      305
    
    
    
    
      3964eb
      TVF22LK
      297
    
    
    
    
      02a195
      TAR722
      296
    
    
    
    
      345043
      VLG8018
      290
    
    
    
    
      346091
      VLG76Y
      286
    
    
    
    
      44093e
      EJU458L
      282
    
    
    
    
      49514e
      TAP442
      282
    
    
      

    

    

    

    • 





Tip


Lazy iteration offers flattened specifications of
trajectory preprocessing operations. Operations are stacked before being
evaluated in a single iteration, using multiprocessing if needed, only after
the specification is fully described.


Lazy evaluation is a common wording in functional programming languages.
It refers to a mechanism where the actual evaluation is deferred.




When you stack any Flight method returning an
Optional[Flight] or a boolean, a lazy iteration is triggered. You may
remember that:


    

  • Most Flight methods returning a Flight, a boolean
or None can be stacked on Traffic structures;
    • 

  • When such a method is stacked, it is not evaluated, just pushed
for later evaluation;
    • 

  • The final .eval() call starts one single iteration and apply all
stacked method to every Flight it can iterate on.
    • 

  • If one of the methods returns False or None, the
Flight is discarded;
    • 

  • If one of the methods returns True, the Flight is
passed as is not the next method.
    • 



The landing trajectory selection rewrites as:






(
    quickstart.query("altitude < 3000")      # Traffic -> None | Traffic
    # Lazy iteration is triggered here by the .feature_lt method
    .feature_lt("vertical_rate_mean", -500)  # Flight -> None | Flight
    .intersects(airports["LFPO"])            # Flight -> bool
    .has('landing("LFPO")')           # Flight -> bool
    .last("10 min")                          # Flight -> None | Flight
    # Now evaluation is triggered on 4 cores
    .eval(max_workers=4)  # the desc= argument creates a progress bar
)









Traffic
 with 24 identifiers


  
    

       
       
      count
    

    

      icao24
      callsign
       
    

  
  
    

      345359
      VLG8030
      335
    

    

      39ceb4
      TVF19YP
      323
    

    

      34610f
      VLG2848
      315
    

    

      39cea3
      TVF54RN
      305
    

    

      3964eb
      TVF22LK
      297
    

    

      02a195
      TAR722
      296
    

    

      345043
      VLG8018
      290
    

    

      346091
      VLG76Y
      286
    

    

      44093e
      EJU458L
      282
    

    

      49514e
      TAP442
      282
    

  









Note


The landing() call (without considerations
on the vertical rate and intersections) is actually enough for our needs
here, but more methods were stacked for explanatory purposes.




For reference, look at the subtle differences between the following processing:


    

  • take the last 10 minutes of trajectories landing at LFPO (similar to above):
    

    

    

    

    t1 = (
    quickstart
    .has("landing('LFPO')")
    .last('10 min')
    .eval(max_workers=4)
)

with plt.style.context('traffic'):
    fig, ax = plt.subplots(subplot_kw=dict(projection=Lambert93()))
    t1.plot(ax, color="#f58518")
    airports['LFPO'].plot(
        ax, footprint=False,
        runways=dict(linewidth=1, color='black', zorder=3)
    )
    ax.spines['geo'].set_visible(False)

    

    

    

    
_images/quickstart_37_0.png

    

    

    

    • 

  • take the last minute of the segment of trajectory which is aligned on runway 06:
    

    

    

    

    t2 = (
    quickstart
    .next('landing("LFPO")')
    .query("ILS == '06'")
    .last("1 min")
    .eval(max_workers=4)
)

with plt.style.context('traffic'):
    fig, ax = plt.subplots(subplot_kw=dict(projection=Lambert93()))
    t2.plot(ax, color="#f58518")
    airports['LFPO'].plot(ax, labels=dict(fontsize=11))
    ax.spines['geo'].set_visible(False)

    

    

    

    
_images/quickstart_38_4.png

    

    

    

    • 

  • select full trajectories landing on runway 06 from one minute before landing:
    

    

    

    

    import pandas as pd

def last_minute_with_taxi(flight: "Flight") -> "None | Flight":
    for segment in flight.landing("LFPO"):
        if segment.ILS_max == "06":
            return flight.after(segment.stop - pd.Timedelta("1 min"))

t3 = quickstart.iterate_lazy().pipe(last_minute_with_taxi).eval()

with plt.style.context('traffic'):
    fig, ax = plt.subplots(subplot_kw=dict(projection=Lambert93()))
    t3.plot(ax, color="#f58518", zorder=3)
    airports['LFPO'].plot(ax, labels=dict(fontsize=11))
    ax.spines['geo'].set_visible(False)

    

    

    

    
_images/quickstart_39_4.png

    

    

    

    • 

  • select trajectories with more than one runway alignment at LFPG:
    

    

    

    

    def more_than_one_alignment(flight: "Flight") -> "None | Flight":
    segments = flight.landing("LFPG")
    if first := next(segments, None):
        if second := next(segments, None):
            return flight.after(first.start - pd.Timedelta('90s'))

t4 = quickstart.iterate_lazy().pipe(more_than_one_alignment).eval()

flight = t4[0]
segments = flight.landing("LFPG")
first = next(segments)
forward = first.first("70s").forward(minutes=4)

chart = (
    alt.layer(
        airports["LFPG"].geoencode(
            footprint=False,
            runways=dict(strokeWidth=1),
            labels=dict(fontSize=10),
        ),
        flight.geoencode().mark_line(stroke="#bab0ac"),
        forward.geoencode(stroke="#79706e", strokeDash=[7, 3], strokeWidth=0.8),
        first.geoencode().encode(alt.Color("ILS")),
        next(segments).geoencode().encode(alt.Color("ILS")),
    )
    .properties(
        title=f"Runway change at LFPG airport with {flight.callsign}",
        width=600,
    )
    .configure_view(stroke=None)
    .configure_legend(orient="bottom")
    .configure_title(font="Lato", fontSize=16, anchor="start")
)
chart

    

    

    

    

    


    

    

    

    

    •